The Horrors Of The Genetically Modified Organisms

Angelena Parjohn Mrs. Rochester ENG 4U1 Tuesday February 22, 2016 The Horrors Of The Genetically Modified The process of genetic engineering always involves the risk of altering the genetics and cellular functioning of a food organism in unanticipated ways. These unanticipated alterations can result in GE foods being allergenic, toxic, or reduced in nutritional value. GMO ; genetically modified organisms is a process by which recombinant DNA is retracted and used to combine with another organisms DNA to either improve or restrain certain attributes in organism. The types of potential hazards posed by GMO’s vary according to the type of organism being modified and its intended application. This can be done to either live stock by enlarging the animal to an unhealthy size or even reducing the nutrition the animal receives thus killing the animal or plantation by creating herbicides or even bacteria by altering the bacteria to create a virus resistant which could potentially create put more lives at risk rather than saving them. The process of genetically modifying organisms may be e fficient and less time consuming than organically grown organisms but it should not be used to enhance or limit any organisms as there are many negative risks that could potentially or fatally harm the organisms and the their environment. Genetically modified organisms consist of foods that humans consume, they are mixed with a variety of chemicals and are modified to taste and look a certainShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe ever-expanding biotech industry has produced copious amounts of genetically modified foods (GMFs); however, this huge upswing has most questioning whether or whether not GMFs are safe. What effects do genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have on our environment, and furthermore, what effects do they have on our health? Like most every story, there are two contrasting viewpoints of genetic engineering (GE). Today, the negativities associated with GE are far more represented in the media thanRead MoreEssay Genetic Modification Food in Our Lives801 Words   |  4 Pagesof the United States of America, I have the right to know where my future hard earn money is going too. With tax money constantly being spent, we wonder where is all the money go ing too; one solution is to our foods in are local town stores. Genetically Modified Foods have surfaced into America in the early 1990’s and ever since then been a part of our lives. Approximately 80% of American processed foods contain some form of genetic modification. These products include foods, seeds, medicines and vaccinesRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthings like genetics and behavior has increased; our methods for growing food has grown incredibly. One of our generations greatest inventions has been genetically engineered foods. Sometimes they are called genetically modified organisms and are referred to with the acronyms GE foods (for genetic engineered) or GMO (for genetically modified organisms). These terms are interchangeable. This technology allows us to insert desirable characteristics into our crops without affecting other parts of the plantRead MoreEssay about Genetic Engineering: A Major Advancement for Mankind959 Words   |  4 Pagesincurable. Some believe that Genetic Engineering will not permitted because it can release new organisms into the natural would, be in places that was not intended, leading to unintentional consequences. In Faye Flam’s article â€Å"Advance or Horror: The First Lab Created Organism† Penn’s Caplan said â€Å"[Genetic Engineering] could also have unintended consequences when used with good intentions, especially if new organisms are let loose†. But even though there is a â€Å"chance† of having something going wrong, thereRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Major Advancement or Major Setback? Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pages Some believe that Genetic Engineering must be reprimanded because it can release new organisms into the natural world, be in places that was not intended, leading to unintentional consequences. In Faye Flam’s article â€Å"Advance or Horror: The First Lab Created Organism† Penn’s Caplan said â€Å"[Genetic Engineering] could also have unintended consequences when used with good intentions, especially if new organisms are let loose†. But even though there is a â€Å"chance† of having something going wrong, thereRead MoreAn Argument for GMOs in Foods Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesepisodes of the television show, quot;The Simpsonsquot;, begins with Marge, the mother, serving her family a dinner of unusually large, genetically modified foods. Shortly after dinner is served, one of the potatoes eats a carrot. Although this example is comedic hyperbole, it is still an excellent illustration of the public perception of genetically modified organisms ( GMOs) as dangerous quot;Frankenfoodsquot;. This perception is out of touch with the reality of GMOs and runs contrary to a largeRead MoreChemistry Lab And Organic Chemistry2008 Words   |  9 PagesI wonder what gave these little morsels such a juicy taste. Perhaps UCLA does but the best fruit and vegetables for their students, perhaps the oil the tomatoes bathe in give it its rich taste, or perhaps we have those hidden GMO, gentically modified organisms, that people argue over its stability. I search if there is any known gentically altered tomatoes and the search engine directed me to links that talk about a product known as the Flavr Savr. Interesting enough the product known as the FlavrRead MoreA Research Study On Patenting Genes Of Organism1819 Words   |  8 PagesPatenting Genes of Organism The advancement of technology has lead to many scientists conducting more experiments with gene modification. This has lead to scientists to isolate certain genes that may cause a certain disease, thus modified genes may change the organism in a particular way. It may help farmers with crop cultivation and reduce crop infestation. It may also help farmers to be able to cultivated crops or keep animals that are prawn to drought resistance. Before, I go in details explainRead MoreFood Culture5912 Words   |  24 PagesModern Language Association (MLA) Citation: Update: Genetically Modified Food.  Issues amp; Controversies On File:  n. pag.  Issues amp; Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 31 Dec. 2008. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. lt;http://www.2facts.com/article/i1000400gt;. Facts On File News Services automatically generated MLA citations have been updated according to the  MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition. American Psychological Association (APA) Citation format: The title ofRead MoreA Study On Patenting Genes Of Organism1871 Words   |  8 PagesPatenting Genes of Organism The advancement of technology has lead to many scientists conducting more experiments with gene modification. This has lead to scientists to isolate certain genes that may cause a certain disease, thus modified genes may change the organism in a particular way. It may help farmers with crop cultivation and reduce crop infestation. It may also help farmers to be able to cultivated crops or keep animals that are prawn to drought resistance. Before, I go in details explain

Vaccination Informed Parental Choice Vaccination Essay

Vaccination†¦Informed Parental Choice The recent measles outbreak occurring at Disneyland in December 2014 became widespread news and rekindled an ongoing debate of childhood vaccination. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is the United States government agency responsible for the protection of Americans from health threats, there were 159 incidents of measles arising from this outbreak (â€Å"Morbidity and Mortality† 373). Considering this outbreak, it is not unexpected that the role of vaccination would come to the forefront. The CDC presently advocates 29 vaccinations for children from birth through the age of six years old (â€Å"2016 Recommended Immunizations† 1). However, each state respectively establishes the laws for vaccination and corresponding vaccine medical, religious, and philosophical exemptions. For comparison purposes, in the early 1970’s, only three vaccinations were recommended (The Merck Manual 1462). This growth is a 314% surge in the number of vaccinations encouraged by the CDC. Thus, the subject of vaccinations and corresponding exemptions is contentious, divisive, and widely debated. Indeed, some believe that childhood vaccinations should be mandatory in order to protect every individual from preventable diseases (Gostin 1100). Instead, vaccination should be an informed parental choice, not mandated by the federal government, because vaccine safety is questionable, diseases being vaccinated against have fundamentallyShow MoreRelatedChildhood Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesrekindled an ongoing debate of childhood vaccination. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is the United States government agency responsible for the protection of Americans from health threats, there were 159 measles incidents arising from this occurrence (â€Å"Measles† 373). Considering this outbreak, it is not unexpected that the role of vaccination would come to the f orefront. The CDC is presently advocating 29 vaccinations for children through the age of six yearsRead MoreVaccinations Persuasive Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe introduction of vaccinations has been a controversial issue in both developed and developing nations around the world. Despite the benefits of immunizations, some parents refuse to vaccinate their children, which has caused healthcare providers to implement vaccination mandates and intense educational sessions. Is there a middle ground between ensuring the safety of children and preserving parental choice? How can we implement effective methods of communication between vaccine-hesitant parentsRead MoreThe Issue Of Medical Safety, Or Religious Observance2347 Words   |  10 Pageschildhood vaccines, the difference between parental right of choice and the best interests of the child. It will further discuss how the harm principle with public knowledge on immunizations can provide a strong base for parents to make infor med decisions regarding vaccinations. Under Canadian law, vaccinations are not considered compulsory due to the Canadian constitution. For reasons that a parents right to fully informed consent and their right to refuse vaccinations is guaranteed by the ConstitutionalRead MoreChildhood Immunizations And Universal Vaccination1371 Words   |  6 PagesImmunizations and Universal Vaccination in the U.S. Brianna D. Lumpp Kennesaw State University WellStar School of Nursing Nursing 3302: Professionalism and Ethics in Nursing Spring 2015 November 10, 2015 Childhood Immunizations and Universal Vaccination in the U.S. For years, universal childhood vaccinations have been a deliberated and debated topic among much of the population. Those who are in support of vaccination, including healthcare providers, believe that vaccinations are not only inRead MoreThe Benefits And Drawbacks Of Total Immunization1634 Words   |  7 PagesAuditing The Benefits And Drawbacks of Total Immunization On April 16, 1850, many people were relieved to know that the polio vaccination became required in all US schools. At this time, doctors and medical researchers did not think that now requiring one vaccine would create such a ripple affect, as well as so much controversy. Now, in the twentyfirst century, vaccinations are one of the medical fields strongest defenders of health and have created the ability for the body to become immune to virusesRead MoreParental Vaccination Compliance Is More Prevalent Than Ever Before Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesThe controversy surrounding parental vaccination compliance is more prevalent than ever before, and the and these changes yield powerful implications for non-vaccinators and vaccine-compliant parties alike. Although compliance and adherence to health and safety guidelines may wax and wane with changing times, there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that vaccines provide unparalleled protection from preventable and potentially fatal diseases, and failure of even a few to comply with recommendedRead MoreVaccinations Are Safe And They Work1686 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinate Vaccinations are safe and they work. There are many parents who choose for their own reasons to ignore Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations to vaccinate and exercise their right to not do so. They run the risk of having their child suffer or even possibly die when they opt-out to having their child vaccinated. Today in the United States, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease are often traced to susceptible children whose parents have claimed an exemption fromRead MoreVaccination Is The Most Common Means Of Preventing Childhood Infectious Diseases?1661 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of vaccinations Vaccinations are the most common means of preventing childhood infectious diseases. The term vaccination is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term originally devised by Edward Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 when he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox 1. In 1881, Louis Pasteur suggested that the term vaccination should be extended to denote the newer preparations that were being developed at that time 2. Louis PasteurRead MoreA Child Is A Parent s Most Prized Possession1619 Words   |  7 Pagesthey could to keep them healthy and safe. But now there’s controversy arising over vaccinations that are required for your child. There are several concerns parents are facing over childhood immunizations and whether it should be mandatory for a child to have to receive all of them. With that, it’s causing more and more parents to be skeptical over vaccinations which is leading them to refuse or delay vaccinations for th eir child. This may be causing more risks for a child and for society as a wholeRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Vaccinations1465 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral public healthy. Vaccinations have always been a topic of contention in regards to younger children, but have been a staple of health for older adults. In fact, college requirements for vaccinations are mandatory, and failure to get the proper vaccines before college starts could result in holds on college students’ accounts or delays in registering for classes. For some students the vaccines are simple to procure, but for others the concept of required vaccinations serve as a real barrier

Mammals Essay Example For Students

Mammals Essay Author: J’nelle Scarbriel, Ralph Plaskett, Danny LevonsAbstract: This experiment is on the growth or retardation of molds or fungus on bread using different fruit juices. The bread with the tomato extracts had considerably more growth than the control. Hypothesis: We believe that adding tomato extract to the bread it will promote growth because of the lower pH. Because the control is less acidic and more basic it doesn’t promote much growth. Procedure/ Materials: The process taken for this experiment involved two plastic (ziplock) bags, one for the control and one for the variable. In the control bag we put a slice of bread in the bad with a damp cloth. In the bag that contained the variable, we put another piece of bread (the same kind) with a damp cloth, this time adding tomato extract. We then waited for the results. Sources of error: The water was contaminated and had microorganisms living in it. This could help promote growth of fungus or mold. When the blender was washed it might not have been cleaned properly. We didn’t observe if we touched one piece of bread more than the other. Conclusion: The bread with the tomato extract on it had more growth than the bread with just the damp cloth. Therefore we can conclude that the growth promotion rate is greater on the bread with just the damp cloth than on the bread with the fruit extract. Bibliography:

Why I should be considered for a scholarship free essay sample

I’ve been employed at Emeritus Senior Living since April of 2013. I have grown to very much adore the elderly. When I was a little kid and I went to visit family in Nursing Homes or Assisted Living homes I hated it. I hated the smell, the feel, and how everyone seemed so miserable, so when I got the job at Emeritus as a kitchen helper, I wasn’t sure how I was going to feel. I didn’t know how to socialize with them, but then it just became so easy. The residents became family that I never had. So then I knew what kind of career I wanted to pursue. My future plans include attending Washington State Community College for a year and maintaining a 2. 0 or higher GPA and then transferring to Kent State University to obtain a Bachelor’s degree in Nursing Home Administration. I chose this career because I want to work with the elderly without having to deal with blood or medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I should be considered for a scholarship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wanted to choose a career that I’d enjoy doing for the rest of my life. But why Kent State? I chose Kent State University because Kent is one of the few schools in Ohio that have the Nursing Home Administration program. Upon completion of the program, I will be eligible to sit for the national exam offered through the National Association of Long Term Care Administrator Boards and the state exam offered by the Ohio Board of Executives of Long-term Services Supports. Unfortunately, my post-secondary study won’t necessarily contribute to these goals. My father is a computer programmer, and I always wanted to be like him so I joined Computer Graphics. However, since my career goals have changed Computer Graphics doesn’t help me as much in my future. The Washington County Career Center itself, though, has helped me a lot. With a fresh start in a new school, I was able to transform into an A student. I joined every club possible, I participated in school activities, I focused on my school work, and I have succeed here. The teachers and staff were people I could look up to and rely on. I believe I should be seriously considered for this Scholarship because I have the motivation, interest, and desire to succeed. My father has always preached to get an education to better myself, so I don’t have to struggle like he did. I want to make my parents and family very proud. I believe I am a very strong candidate for this. I appreciate life and this opportunity every day!

Huckleberry Finn, Hucks Strug essays

Huckleberry Finn, Huck's Strug essays In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck must fight against many influences to make his own decisions and be an individual. He struggle against society and his conscience to love and help free Jim without guilt, and stay free and uncivilized. The world that is constantly trying to make him everybody else is both society as a whole as well as Miss Watson, Pap, Tom Sawyer, and his own conscience. Miss Watson tries to get Huck to abandon himself, his uncivilized ways, to live the live of a civilized boy and learn religion. Pap also creates a great deal of negative influence on Huck, including his racist views, drunkenness, and physical abuse. Tom Sawyer lives in a fantasy world of adventure and is always trying to get Huck to play along. Tom gets him to join Tom Sawyers Band of Robbers and live out immaculate fantasies. Another force Huck must deal with is his own conscience that is constantly making him feel guilty and bad. His conscience has been molded by society and holds many beliefs of his time period including racism and the belief that blacks are property. I believe that Huckleberry is successful in being nobody-but-himself. When Huck is living with Miss Watson and being taught religion he learns about such things as heaven and hell, yet always decides to be himself even if that means he cant go to the good place like miss Watson. She was going to live so as to go to the good place. Well I couldnt see no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind I wouldnt try for it. (p. 15) Hucks daring escape from Pap in the cabin shows to what extent Huck will go to remain himself. He knows he must get out of that situation, mostly for physical well being but also to escape captivity and Paps emotional burden on Huck. As for Tom Sawyer Huck refuses to let himself live in his fantasy world as Huck is a realist and see...

Just in Time for the Holidays ... How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is now in PRINT!

Just in Time for the Holidays ... How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is now in PRINT! As you may have read in my recent newsletters and my recent blog article, I have been working tirelessly on a print version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, and Im happy to announce that its finally ready and available in full color just in time for the holidays! With this print version, my goal is to reach a wider audience, including universities, bookstores, and the people who simply prefer to hold a real paper book in their hands. Is that you? You may be asking yourself, But isnt LinkedIn constantly changing? Yes, it is! Thats why with every copy of my print version, I am also including a subscription to unlimited LIFETIME updates of the PDF version of my e-book. Youll have the inside scoop on whatever changes LinkedIn is making and my up-to-date tips for keeping with the latest trends. What a perfect holiday gift for your job-seeking friends and family! And for a limited time, get my early bird price plus free shipping! I have been contacted by numerous recruiters, and it has only been four days since I purchased the book! Now, I have people at work asking me to help them work on their accounts. MUST buy!!! Bill Cozad, Account Manager, Milwaukee, WI Thank you for you for supporting my effort to get the print version of my book into circulation. And please pass this information along to any people or groups who would benefit from a KILLER LinkedIn profile. Happy Holidays!

Homeostasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homeostasis - Essay Example The term homeostasis was first used by Walter Cannon in 1932 to illustrate the â€Å"maintenance of body’s dynamic constancy†. Homeostasis is a key concept in human physiology which represents the regulatory processes of the body for its optimum functioning mediated by several biochemical and physiological pathways. According to Gilbert, on a cellular level it is a practice through which a relatively constant electrical, chemical, osmotic and internal environment is maintained against a background of extensive range of metabolic demand, intake and loss. Maintenance of homeostasis is vital for the body as seen during exercise. The elevated cardiac and respiratory rates in response to increased CO2 and blood acidity must be readjusted later to meet the demand of lower metabolic rate. If this service is not done the body conditions lead to disease and ultimately death. Homeostasis is maintained by stimulus identification at tissue level with the help of sensors present in skin and sensory organs. These signals are then sent to peripheral sensory nerves and later to spinal cord and brain where depending on the type of stimulus a chain of physiological reaction is set off to maintain homeostasis in the body which may involve survive mechanism, stability in autonomic functions and immunological responses (Lawton, 2003). These responses are carried out by effectors such as muscles and glands. In some cases the responses to a stimulus are particularly elicited by either nervous or endocrine system however, in some cases it is a combination of both (Farabee, 2006). The process through which a constant internal environment (homeostasis) is maintained is known as homeostatic mechanism. Homeostatic control in the body is achieved through feed-back system which may be negative feed-back loop or positive feed-back loops. Negative feed-back loops (employed by most of the body’s systems) turns off the response to a particular stimulus thereby maintaining m ost of homeostatic activities while positive feed-back loop intensifies the effect of the particular response (Farabee, 2006). Positive feed-back intensifies the effects of change and therefore does not play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. Stimulus? Sensor?Integrator? Effector Negative feed-back loop Systems involved in homeostasis: In a healthy body homeostatic maintenance is done by collaborative efforts of central systems of the body such as nervous, endocrine, circulatory, digestive and lymphatic. The balancing responses of these systems to a stimulus tend to maintain a proper homeostasis in body (Lawton, 2003). Major homeostatic controllers of the body are nervous and endocrine systems which constitute extrinsic control system. However, local or intrinsic control system usually involves an organ or a tissue e.g. dilation of blood vessels in reaction to higher levels of carbon dioxide and lower oxygen levels (Farabee, 2006).  

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example Constitution, Article III, Section 2, Clause 1, and 28 United States Judicial Code 1332(a)(2). U.S. Const. art. III, 2, cl. 1. grants federal judicial power over all cases that are between a U.S. State or the citizen of a U.S. State and any "foreign States, Citizens or Subjects". 28 U.S.C. 1332(a)(2) provides for jurisdiction over a civil action that is between the citizen(s) of a U.S. State, and the "citizens or subjects of a foreign state". The plaintiff attempted to sue Albert Khalily and D.A.Y. Kids Sportswear, Inc., in the Southern District of New York, on the basis of alleged breach of contract. Both defendants were incorporated in the State of New York. The plaintiff claimed the right to bring suit in a U.S. court under 28 U.S.C. 1332(a)(2), which grants jurisdiction to the court over civil disputes between U.S. citizens and "citizens or subjects of a foreign state". During the breach of contract case, in June 1996, the court, of its accord, brought up the issue of whether it had proper jurisdiction over the matter. After the parties involved had briefed the issue, in August 1996, the court dismisssed it on the basis of lack of jurisdiction, having determined that, for the purposes of diversity jurisdiction, Hong Kong is not a "foreign state", and, therefore, the plaintiff cannot be considered a "citizen or subject" of one. (a) No. Issue(s): (a) Does "Hong Kong" merit the legal status of a "foreign state", thus allowing Matimak the status of a "citizen or subject of a foreign state" for the purposes of alienage jurisdiction; (b) Does Matimak have the status of a "citizen or subject" of the United Kingdom because of the Hong Kong's status as a "British Dependent Territory", when Matimak brought suit; (c)Does every non-U.S. citizen, in fact, have the right to claim alienage jurisdiction, when engaged in a civil dissent with a U.S. citizen Holding: (a) No. Hong Kong is not recognized a "foreign state" by the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government, therefore, Matimak is not a "citizen or subject of a foreign state" for the purposes of alienage jurisdiction. (b) No. Matmak is not a "citizen or subject" of the United Kingdom because the United Kingdom does not recognize corporations founded in Hong Kong as its "citizens or subjects". (c) No. Only the "citizens or subjects" of foreign states which are recognized as being sovereign states by the U.S. Government may claim alienage jurisdiction. Reasoning: (a) The definition of "foreign state" is not explicitly provided within the Constitution, nor in the relevent law. However, 13B C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure 3604 (1984) holds that the generally recognized definition of a "foreign state", for purposes of U.S. legal status is a state that is recognized formally by the Executive Branch of the Federal Government. The Court used this definition to provide a ruling on the question of alienage jurisdiction in Iran Handicraft and Carpet Export Center v. Marjan International Corp., 655 F. Supp. 1275 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 868 F.2d 1267 (2d Cir. 1988). At that time, the Court determined that because only the President has the power to receive Foreign Ministers, formal recognition of "foreign states" is solely the realm of the Executive Bra

Current Economic Issues Essay Example for Free

Current Economic Issues Essay The current state of the world economy is attributed to economic shake ups dated from 1990s. Such happening shave extended their roots, now firmly clinching on the economy, and thus posing a threatening challenging to the whole world. Such events include the global and United States recession in 1991, Japanese economic stagnations four times since 1990s, currency crisis in European monetary system, mediocre economic performance of Europe and the large swings in the values of G3 currencies. The economy of the world had still not recovered from the 1998s global financial crisis that was caused by economic crisis in Russia. In 2001, IT bubble was experienced in US, leading to sharp fall of investment. The economic troubles challenging us today heavily rest upon the oil shock since 2000 that contributed to global slow down. To add on the pain, china appreciated its currency in 2005 by 2. 1% (Radetzki, 2003, p. 18). The above scenarios have been driving us to the destination we are today although they happened some years ago. This is because when a major economic player experiences a shock; such shock is expended to the rest of world market players, diversifying the impacts. Unemployment is getting on rise in many economies of the world, including even the giant ones. Inflation is increasing at fast rates, with United States experiencing the worst ever after the great depression. The exchange value of several currencies is getting weaker and weaker, with many stock markets closing up their ventures due to economic and financial difficulties. The industrialized economies are stake, with oil crisis holding their economies at the neck (Mullenbach, 2003, p. 20). Global economic growth 0 macroeconomic variables The above graph illustrates the trends which can be assumed by any economy, including the global economy. The long run path shows where the economy can operate at times of equilibrium, without deficits or surplus. Because of the economic forces, the trend has never been attained in history. Point A is a point of depression, C shows recovery, D is a point of economic boom and B is a recessionary trend. The world economy is subjected t all above points by the changing economic conditions of the world market and natural disasters. Today, the economy is possibly at point B, where it is at recession, but the fate is not yet known. Such a scenario is being contributed to by the nature of the economy itself, energy sector, rate of exchange, equity market and emerging markets as discussed below (Howe, 2001, p. 25). Discussion In the world economy, consumer confidence to the production sector has drastically reduced by a margin of 2. 7% since 2007, meaning that the situation is likely to get worse and worse. The recessionary experience in the United States is leading a sharp slowdown of growth in developing as well as developed nations. According to reports released by the IMF and World Bank, current and fiscal accounts of the amalgamated global economy have registered deficits since the year 2005. According to their argument, many nations like US are using weak recovery strategies that only ensure growth of output without creation of job opportunities. In 2003 and 2004, the world made a significant move against downturn, only to be fast back driven by the realization that the strategy was a jobless strategy. Through their economic monitory program, the Breton wood institutions discovered the economy was slowly healing in 2006 with low inflation and good growth, only to be stroke down by spike in oil prices. In struggling against this, the Katrina hurricane ignited its flames. The procedure of events in the world economy has led it to a hard landing especially in the years 2007 and 2008. as we talk of macro effects of the bust in the hosing sector of the united states, the world can not decouple from the effects, because US serves as a world economic hub as well as destination. Within the economic frontiers, unemployment, inflation exchange rates and growth cut rates are challenges surrounding our economic environment (Hansen, 2004, p. 12). As a matter of great concern the global energy sector has since 2004 exposed the global economy to stagflation, because of the spike in oil price. Stagflation is a scenario characterized by both inflation and recession periods. Within the range of 2004 to 2008, the oil price has been hovering around $70 per barrel. The oil crisis has been attributed to the 2000 oil price shock which affected oil importing countries negatively and led to the 2002 recession. Because of the expectation of a war in Iraq, supply shocks in Nigeria and Venezuela, oil prices went further in 2002 and 2003. After the war, the prices spiked further in 2004 and 2005 because the product remained in high demand from US and China. As a result global spare production and refining capacity has reduced as the world believed terrorism concerns in Saudi Arabia and Iraq could lead to shortages in supply. Oil is recognized as a prime mover of production sector. Production activities are essential elements making up the economy. A decline in production either quantity wise or quality wise serves as an obvious economic pitfall. Again, oil is very expensive commodity that leads to high inflation levels, a situation being experienced by the world by now. Every economy is moving fast to slow down the rates of inflation, with a big challenge coming from the instability of the oil market. Energy inflated inflation is a current which is disturbing economic strategists all over the world (Portney, 2006, p. 14). Most of the available information and data about the recent or current economic trends is availed by non governmental institutions, economically integrated institutions and Breton wood institutions. After investigating the moves of the exchange rate in the world market, the above participants have signaled a danger, due to a reflection of the reality on grounds. Exchange of an American dollar against Yen and Euro has declined, leading to large current account deficits as private savings are sinking towards zero. According to their projections, the current account deficit in global accounts may be unsustainable, lead to currency values crash or a spike in interest rates, a very hard landing for the world economy. Devastating trends in exchange rates was sensed in 2002 – 2004, when the American dollar peaked suddenly and later on sharply declined. Interest rates and real growth rates differentials favored the dollar in 2005, but it resumed its fall in 2006 as Fed pause and US slowdown was signaled. As the situation stands as per now, the dollar is expected to continue falling. This is because any global current account imbalances will be disorderly, a witnessed circumstance since 2005. The state of affairs is hardly predictable because despite the dollars instability, Yen is also weakening with china still threatening to revalue its currency. The future of the exchange pattern is still not feasible because Asian economies are declining their willingness to intervene aggressively in foreign market in the search for stable exchange value of the various currencies. As the market turmoil seemed to intimate in 2006, currency crisis in the emerging markets may be experienced. Te situation of exchange rate is not only a current issue, but issues deemed to persist and thus corner the global economy. It therefore requires a sustainability approaches to address both present and future challenges which it may poss (Radetzki, 2003, p. 18). Today’s economy is feeling the impact of the emerging markets, whose economic abilities is determining the health of the world economy. Dismissal of emerging markets took place in 2001, with economic slowdown of G7 and US. Financial crises and outright currency hardly hit Turkey, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. In 2006, commodity prices were high, global growth was high and global interest rates were low. The mess to the total progress has come after the encounter of global economy slow down, falling commodity prices, hiking oil prices, G7 short rates going up and thus making financial and economic conditions for emerging market tougher. Their turmoil in 2006 means the economies are vulnerable to financial stress up to early 2010. Both existing and emerging markets are encircled in the same economy, experiencing almost similar challenges but using different survival strategies. It must however be realized that any economic slowdown experienced by any of these entities applies to the rest of the economy. For the sake of sustainability therefore, if the stability of the whole economy has to be tamed, stability of the emerging economies must be put to focus, and thus preserve the global economy at a larger scale (Bonnie, 2003, p. 34). In consideration the present economic characteristics, it would be ignorant act to overlook the state of the equity or earnings market. Following the economic state of the United States and the world economy in general, earnings have sharply slowed down with equity markets underperforming. Based on overoptimistic and excessive expectations of growth, stock market dropped by 9/11 in 2002 when equity markets underperformed. The war that has been going on in Iraq is believed to have led to renewed risk aversion and has frequently slumped the stock market since 2003. When this war reduced shortly in 2003, markets picked up sustained economic recovery strategies accompanied with sharp pick up in earnings and profits. In 2004, 2005 and 2006, stock indexes remained flat regardless of the sharp improvement indicated in corporate balance sheet. It is too difficulty to sustain the growth of earnings, ensure profitability growth that is compatible with the share of GDP and streamline the overall trend of equity markets performance. It is a big dream to the world on how the equity market is expected to perform, its overvaluation based on historically cyclically adjusted P/E ratios. The poor performance of the US economy darkens the future of the equities markets (Howe, 2001, p. 25). In the economic dynamicity, electronic and investment cycle is worth affecting the performance of the world economy. The economy has experienced bust or boom cycle in electronic goods, semi conductors and information technology. The NASDAQ crash in 2004 led to a sharp decline in prices and demand, severely hurting IT firms. When the overinvestment boom which composed of 50% in IT rather than traditional equipment ended, it severely hurt IT exporters such as Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore and Philippines. The extend and depth of the tentative recovery that was started by IT sector in 2004 was too shaky because it could not maintain the demand for IT goods. In 2006, the sector was somehow relieved as the investment turned into a mini investment boom, partially healing Asians economies. This took place because tech goods underwent a pent up demand. Even if the overall poor economic performance may not solely be attached to shopped out consumers, IT strength and impact on global economy is still questionable. World Bank statistics indicate that investments in softwares and equipment have reduced since 2005. This has been the case because corporations do not find profitable real investment opportunities and therefore turning back to their old investment sites. The shake of this sector is also shaking the world economy, meaning that its stability should be sought (Portney, 2006, p. 14). Reference: Bonnie John, 2003. Contemporary economic issues in developing countries. Mahwah, NJ: Praeger, pp. 34. Hansen Alvin, 2004. Economic issues of 2000s. California: American Enterprise Institute; pp. 12. Howe Charles, 2001. Interbasin transfers of water: Economic issues and impacts. California: Resources for the future press; pp. 25. Mullenbach Philip, 2003. Civilian nuclear power: Economic issues and policy formation. London: Twentieth Century Fund; pp. 20.

Thoreaus Message in Walden Essay example -- Thoreau Walden Essays Phi

Thoreau's Message in Walden    In Walden, Henry D. Thoreau presented a radical and controversial perspective on society that was far beyond its time. In a period where growth both economically and territorially was seen as necessary for the development of a premature country, Thoreau felt the opposite. Thoreau was a man in search of growth within himself and was not concerned with outward improvements in him or society. In the chapter entitled "economy," he argued that people were too occupied with work to truly appreciate what life has to offer. He felt the root of this obsession with work was created through the misconstrued perception that material needs were a necessity, rather than a hindrance to true happiness and the full enjoyment of life. He felt that outside improvement can't bring inner peace and also working took all their available time. That is why he disapproved the idea of Industrial revolution as it provided work for the people. Walden was written at the time of the Industrial revolution. The Industrial revolution created enormous opportunities for the people. Everyone had his or her own work, doing the exact same things day in and day out. As Thoreau stated, "He has no time to be anything but a machine"(3). He argued that excess possessions not only required excess labor to purchase them but also disturbed the people spiritually with worry and constraint. As people supposed that they need to own things, this need forces them to devote all their time to labor, and the result is the loss of touch with their inner selves and also nature. He believed that people did not know the true meaning of life. That was why Thoreau voluntarily went to live in Walden Pond for two years. He discovere... ...ole concept of work, for it not only separated man from nature but also destroyed it. For instance, trains needed railroads to function. Trees were needed for the foundation of the tracks. Therefore, the cost of building these railroads and other technological improvements was the destruction of nature. Throughout the reading, it is evident that Thoreau is trying to portray to us that man is one with nature and that nature is the universal provider. However, at times he does seem to contradict himself, when he himself states that he gains satisfaction from working with his beans. All said and done, Thoreau still believed that people could do without excessive worldly possessions and just rely on nature.    Work Cited: Thoreau, Henry David. Walden.   Norton Anthology of American Literature.   Shorter Fourth Edition.   New York:   W.W. Norton, 1995.

The Voice of Reason

At the end of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague decide to make peace. Lord Montague promises to raise a gold statue of Juliet and Lord Capulet vows to do the same for Romeo. By this point in the story, there is no doubt that the families will keep their word. However, one is left thinking whether the peace will last or not. The deaths of Mercutio, Tybalt, Juliet and Romeo were all caused by the feud between the two families, yet it took Juliet’s death, combined with Romeo’s to end the feud.The lives that were lost might be enough to maintain harmony between them for a long time, maybe forever. The Prince is the voice of reason in Romeo and Juliet. He was the one who forbade the Capulet’s and the Montague’s from fighting in the streets because they would disturb the peace. Either way, Mercutio and Tybalt died, resulting in the banishment of Romeo. However, while the Prince tried to maintain the peace, he never qui te laid down the law with the battling families. It’s like they say, if you can’t see it, it’s not there.Once the Capulet’s and the Montague’s were battling in full view of the people of Verona, the Prince just couldn’t ignore it anymore. Yet what he did had no impact on the families whatsoever. Threats didn’t scare them. So they continued hating each other. â€Å"Where be these enemies? /Capulet! Montague! /See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,/That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love. /And I for winking at your discords too/Have lost a brace of kinsmen: all are punish'd. †(V. 3. 291-296) . In this quote, the prince is berating himself for doing almost nothing about the feud.He exclaims that because of their hatred for each other, the heavens punished them by taking their children, Juliet and Romeo. Finally understanding the horrors the feud had created, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague make amends to each other by agreeing to end the feud and raising gold statues in honor of Romeo and Juliet‘s deaths. â€Å"Capulet: O brother Montague, give me thy hand: This is my daughter’s jointure, for no more Can I demand. Montague: But I can give thee more:For I will raise her statue in pure gold;That while Verona by that name is known,There shall no figure at such rate be setAs that of true and faithful Juliet.Capulet: As rich shall Romeo's by his lady's lie;Poor sacrifices of our enmity! † (V. 3. 297-306) For generations to come, the story of Romeo and Juliet will be passed down from Capulet to Montague to Capulet, maintaining the peace and uniting the families. Maybe there will be another Montague who falls in love with a Capulet and maybe this time, the ending will be a happy one. As the Prince mournfully states â€Å" Some shall be pardon'd, and some punished:For never was a story of more woeThan this of Juliet and her Romeo. †(V. 3. 308-310)

Macbeth: Post Traumatic Essay

Throughout the story, Macbeth seems to show symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post traumatic Stress Disorder is an emotional illness that usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. He starts experiencing terrifying events after he became a murder. Macbeth’s problem of experiencing symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, when first killed the traitor in the beginning of the Act 1, Scene 2. Macbeth does suffer from PTSD and throughout the story, Macbeth show more symptoms of PTSD, dealing with the death of the traitor, Death of Duncan, and Banquo. In the first act, Macbeth is a soldier in the army. In the Act 1, Scene 2, the captain explains to the king, that Macbeth has killed the traitor. â€Å"Which smoked with bloody execution, like valor’s minion carved out his passage till he faced the slave; which nevr shook hands, nor bade farewell to him, till he unseamed him from the nave to the chops† (Act 1 Scene 2: 18-22). The killing of the traitor was the start of Macbeth’s killing spree, also the start of the post traumatic stress disorder. The way Macbeth killed the soldier, was very gruesome. The gory, intense event shocked Macbeth and left a horrible image in his head. Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards says â€Å"People who are exposed to war combat have been diagnosed with PTSD†. After that death, Macbeth’s next victim was King Duncan, so Macbeth could become king. Macbeth kills King Duncan, so he could become king. After the death of King Duncan, Macbeth enters the room, where Lady Macbeth is. His hands covered in blood, meaning that he has completed the deed of killing Duncan. â€Å"I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise? † Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards, a person who has PTSD, will experience hallucination. † (Act 2, Scene 2). After the death of Duncan, Macbeth is unable to sleep. In the story, Since Macbeth killed Duncan in his sleep; it also means that Macbeth can’t sleep neither. â€Å"Since it cried â€Å"Sleep no more! † to all the house: â€Å"Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more. † (Act 2, Scene 2: 40- 42). The symptom of PTSD is that after a terrifying event, the person will not be able to sleep. Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards says PTSD symptoms are chronic physical signs of hyper arousal, including sleep problems, trouble concentrating, irritability, anger, poor concentration. After the death of Duncan, Banquo was next line for death row, for knowing who killed Duncan. During Act 3 Scene 1, Macbeth talks to two murderers about killing Banquo. Banquo knows that Duncan’s murderer was Macbeth. Macbeth hired two murderers to kill Banquo, so Banquo would not tell anyone. † Have you considered of my speeches? Know that it was he in the times past, which held you so under fortune, which you thought had been our innocent self: this I made good to you in our last conference ;†( Act 3, Scene 1) The two murderers agree to kill Banquo, because if they didn’t follow Macbeth’s order, they would be killed themselves. Macbeth is being manipulative the reason why is that Dr. Roxanne Dryden Edwards says â€Å" PTSD causes a person to paranoid and not want to be around anyone. † After the death of Banquo, Macbeth started hallucinating as if he was seeing Banquo’s ghost. â€Å" Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee! Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold; thou hast no speculation in those eyes, which thou dost glare with. † Hallucinating is a symptom of PSTD, usually recurrent re-experiencing of the trauma, for example, troublesome memories, flashbacks that are usually caused by reminders of the traumatic events, recurring day mares about the trauma. Macbeth does suffer from PTSD and throughout the story; Macbeth shows more symptoms of PTSD, dealing with the death of the traitor, death of Duncan, and Banquo. Macbeth did have PSTD. Proving that all of the events that Macbeth was involved in all of the tragic. For the death of the traitor, that was the spark of Macbeth’s major killing spree. Next was the King Duncan’s death and finally was Banquo’s death. Each of these tragic events was the cause of Macbeth having PTSD. Every one of those deaths, increase the killing and made Macbeth go insane leading to his death. Isn’t better to show your true colors, than be black and white?

Undaunter Courage analysis essays

Undaunter Courage analysis essays The main point of this book is on President Thomas Jefferson and Meriwether Lewiss dreams of finding an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean; and explore the northern tributaries of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers (whilst making natural and scientific observations). Jefferson saw immense potential of Lewis, initially only as an assistant to the presidents side. After a few years under Jeffersons belt, he wanted Lewis to direct the Discovery Corp to the west coast eager to enhance the United States awareness of the west. Lewis was about to transform the lives of many people, tribes and tradesmen. This book tells the story of a young Virginian with immense dreams. He hoped to change mankind and achieve something great, the Discovery Corp was going to accomplish just that. First he intricately planned the expedition along with President Jefferson. After months of preparation it was time to set off to the Missouri river. Along the Missouri is where he encountered the first Indians on the journey: the Oto, Sioux and Mandans. Lewiss troups encountered a few problems with the tribes but nothing that would hold them back. They were westward bound. The party crossed the Missouri to determine that two large rivers meet, they chose the south fork that curved into the Great falls. After many days, they ran into the Shoshoni party (this is where they hired an Indian guide named Toby). On the way home the men headed up east the Columbia, which was a harder assignment then thought. They had determined to go overland as an alternative through water. Tribulations with snow had occurred, w hich was blocking trail. Upon reaching the Continental Divide Lewis and William Clark decided to divide up, Lewis wanted to take a small group of men and travel around the north. A brawl broke out among them and some Indians but they came out undamaged. They had finally arrived in ...

How Lactose Free Milk Is Made

How Lactose Free Milk Is Made If you avoid regular dairy products because of lactose intolerance, you can turn to lactose-free milk and other dairy products. Have you ever wondered what being lactose intolerant means or how the chemical is removed from milk? Lactose Intolerance Basics Lactose intolerance isnt an allergy to milk. What it means is that the body lacks insufficient amounts of the digestive enzyme, lactase, needed to break down lactose or milk sugar. So, if you suffer lactose intolerance and ingest regular milk, the lactose passes through your gastrointestinal tract unaltered. While your body cant digest the lactose, gut bacteria can utilize it, releasing lactic acid and gas as products of the reaction, which lead to bloating and uncomfortable cramping. Ways Lactose Is Removed from Milk There are a few different ways to remove lactose from milk. As youd guess, the more involved the process, the more the milk costs at the store. A common method is to simply add the enzyme lactase to milk, essentially pre-digesting the sugar into glucose and galactose. The resulting milk still contains the enzyme, so the milk is ultra-pasteurized to deactivate the enzyme and extend the shelf life of the milk.Another method is to pass milk over lactase that is bound to a carrier. Using this procedure, the milk still contains the sugars glucose and galactose, but not the enzyme.Membrane fractionation and other ultrafiltration techniques may be used to mechanically separate lactose from milk. These methods completely remove the sugar, better preserving the normal flavor of milk. Why Lactose-Free Milk Tastes Different If lactase is added to milk, the lactose breaks into glucose and galactose. There isnt more sugar in the milk than before, but it tastes a lot sweeter because taste receptors perceive glucose and galactose as sweeter than lactose. In addition to tasting sweeter, milk that is ultra-pasteurized tastes different because of the extra heat applied during its preparation. How To Make Lactose-Free Milk at Home Lactose-free milk costs a lot more than regular milk because of the additional steps required to make it. However, you can save most of the expense if you turn regular milk into lactose-free milk yourself. The easiest way to do this is to add lactase to the milk. Lactase drops are available at many stores or online from stores, such as Amazon. The amount of lactose removed from the milk depends on how much lactase you add and how long you give the enzyme to react (usually 24 hours for full activity). If you are less sensitive to the effects of lactose, you dont need to wait as long or you can save more money and add less lactase. Aside from saving money, one advantage to making your own lactose-free milk is that you wont get that cooked flavor of ultrapasteurized milk. Reference: Membrane fractionation processes for removing 90% to 95% of the lactose and sodium from skim milk and for preparing lactose and sodium-reduced skim milk. Morr CV and Brandon SC. J. Food Sci. 2008 Nov: 73(9).

Capital structure theory, issues and debates while showing how capital Research Paper

Capital structure theory, issues and debates while showing how capital structre choices affects a firms return on investment (RO - Research Paper Example In this portion, the MM approach for the capital structure theory has been described, and the assumptions have been stated and criticized. The main objective of this project is to show the importance of the capital structure of a company and its affect on the performance. A detailed analysis of the debt and equity financing has been done in this project from 2010 to 2012. Their implications have been discussed. In this project, it has also been shown how the capital structure of a company determines the business risk. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Business and Financial Risks 5 Business Risks 5 Financial Risks 5 Modigilani and Miller’s Capital Structure Theory 6 Capital Structure Evidence and Implications 7 Optimal Capital Structure for the Company 9 Conclusion 11 References 12 Appendices 13 Introduction Coca Cola is a multinational beverage manufacturer, marketer and retailer of non-alcoholic beverages (Coca Cola, 2013a). It has its headquarters in Atla nta, Georgia. It was established in 1886 by John Pemberton who was a pharmacist in Columbus, Georgia (Coca Cola, 2013b). Initially the beverage was sold for 5 cents each glass at Jacob’s Pharmacy and regularly nine glasses were purchased. John Pemberton died within two years and after that the brand was bought by Asa Candler in 1889 (Coca Cola, 2013c). From 1900 to 1920, the company expanded to a great extent. Robert Woodruff was appointed as the President of the company just four years after it has been bought by his father from Asa Candler. He remained in that position for a period of more than sixty years. From 1950 to 1960, the company introduced different flavors of juices in its product line. Presently the company serves in most of the remote areas of the globe and has more than five hundred different drinking brands. The company is currently financing its operations with higher dependency on debt capital. There are various factors that affect the capital structure of t he company. It needs to be financially flexible in order to adapt to the changes in the existing market. The financial performance of the company has improved significantly. The company is enjoying tax benefits because of the high debt financing. Thus, the tax position of the company is good. There are various other business risks which are reducing its growth opportunities. Business and Financial Risks The company has some risks which pose a threat to the projection of growth. Business Risks Changes in the Customer Preferences Presently, it has been observed that the customer’s preferences for non-alcoholic drinks have changed due to various health concerns, changes in their lifestyle and also the pressure from the competitive products in the market. The company should try to adapt to the changes with the current market conditions in order to lead the market and also to reach to other areas which have not been explored. Increase in Competition Among all the leading beverage manufacturing companies, PepsiCo is the major competitor of Coca Cola. There is also an increased competition from different beer manufacturing companies which provide various non-alcoholic products. Thus, Coca Cola is facing a threat from the strong competitors in the market. Financial Risks Fluctuations in Foreign Exchange Rates The company incurs liabilities in different currencies apart from that of dollar. The changes

Rabbit-Proof Fence and the Edge of Heaven - Movies Which Depict the Mi Essay

Rabbit-Proof Fence and the Edge of Heaven - Movies Which Depict the Minority Groups in Society - Essay Example In response to the growing fears, special and unique detention centres were built across Australia to keep the mixed-race children from the entire Australian community, which was the dominant culture. In addition, orders were issued to eradicate forcibly half-caste children from their paternal and maternal families. The movies especially the Edge of Heaven shows how prejudice and discrimination take centre stage in the Australian society. It is evident that being prejudiced simply implies holding preconceived attitudes and beliefs about certain cultural practices or group of people in society. The movie shows how people from dominant culture engage in discriminatory practices in order to guard opportunities for themselves by hindering access to those whom they tend to believe do not need or deserve the same treatment as others. As seen in the Rabbit-proof fence, it is evident that during this time, racism in Australian society looked like cancer in that it had no cure and it would have continued were it not for the effort of the three women to fight for justice. However, separation and exclusion are seen all around Australian aborigine children. It is clear that suspicion, fear, and ignorance parting away communities. At the same time, public figures, the media, and heads of states, who are the people supposed to fight and defend pluralist and inclusive societies, initiate attacks on multiculturalism. While this negative outlook may be so widely accepted challenging it seems to be a hard but important task. In the Edge of heaven movie, Ali Aksu thought he had found relief and happiness when he met Yeter a prostitute. He provided her with monthly payments to cease working as a city prostitute and marry him. Considering the fact that she (Yeter) was not from a dominant culture or group, she received threats from Muslims about either accepting the offer or facing the consequences. She decided to take the offer.  Ã‚  

Mutual Exclusiveness of Generic Strategies Essay

Mutual Exclusiveness of Generic Strategies - Essay Example Thus, a firm that seeks cost leadership must explore all avenues that will guarantee its cost advantage in the industry. For a firm to achieve differentiation advantage over its competitors, it must come up with the necessary measures to produce a unique service or product that is valued by the customers to the extent of foregoing a relatively cheaper service or product offered by the firm’s competitors to buy from the firm at a higher price (Dahlen, 2006). Therefore, cost leadership and differentiation strategies define two fundamentally different approaches to business strategy given that a firm competing on low cost is discernible from that competing through differentiation evident from their different organizational characteristics, market poisoning, capabilities and resources (Grant, 2010). Michael Porter pooled differentiation and cost leadership with the firm’s choice of scope to constitute the generic strategies that a firm can use to achieve high profit margins . According to Porter, cost leadership and differentiation are mutually exclusive strategies to the extent that firms that endeavor to practice both strategies are stuck in the middle. Further, Porter defines a firm that is stuck in the middle as one with a guaranteed low profitability since it losses the high volume customers who demand low prices or has lowered its profits so that it can attract customers from those firms offering lower prices. The firm that is stuck in the middle loses its high-end customers who have high margin targets in their mind or have generally achieved differentiation. Such a firm would also lack a well-defined corporate culture in addition to having an incompatible set... This essay has looked at what is covered under cost leadership and differentiation as the two most important components of generic strategies. The following parts of the essay have looked at why it is possible for firms to implement both cost leadership and deferential generic strategies successfully. The paper has highlighted as a case example the strategic approach employed by Toyota which is an industry leader in automobile industry as a major example of how combining the two strategies is possible. The changes in market environment in areas like demand and supply calls for firms that need to keep up with modern trends to diversify their strategic approaches. Evidence from contingency approach to human resource management has been presented to oppose the mutual exclusive view of generic strategies. This paper makes a conclusion that the fear that firms employing both strategies simultaneously run the risk of being stuck in the middle, not knowing which of the two to concentrate on, has also been dispelled. Last part has presented a brief analysis detailing why the concepts as detailed by Porter needs further scrutiny. This analysis assists in place Porters ideas in the context of practical business environment as opposed to the theoretical framework under which Porter postulated the two strategies. Therefore, this essay has succeeded in proving that Cost leadership and differentiation generic strategies are not mutually exclusive but are approaches that business organizations can take advantage of to achieve greater margins in terms of their profits.

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations | Analysis

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations | Analysis CDM 2007 – An Analysis Abstract This paper discusses the CDM 2007 regulations promulgated by the UK government that came into effect in April 2007. The new regulations made several changes to the CDM regulations of 1994, however it can still be debated if these will be able to bring about a radical change to the health and safety condition in the UK construction industry, and this is specifically the question under discussion in this paper. Keywords: Construction, CDM, UK 1.  Introduction The construction industry in United Kingdom employs about 7% of the country’s total workforce, but accounts for over 25% of fatal injuries and 16% of the major accidents (Bennett and Gilbertson, 2007). This makes improvements in health and safety conditions at the work place a priority for the government and the industry both. Health and safety requirements at construction sites are specified by the Council Directive 1992/57/EEC. Its management requirements were enforced in the UK through the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (CDM 94) and its practical health, safety and welfare measures mainly by the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 (CHSW). Despite the enforcement of CDM 1994, there have been concerns that the regulations were only promoting wasteful bureaucracy and red-tape that put unnecessary burden on businesses and were actually failing to deliver on ensuring effective health and safety management. Several non-legislative rem edies such as informal guidance from the Chief Inspector of Construction (through Nattrass Letter, 1995) and revision of CDM 94’s supporting approved code of practice in 2001 by the HSE (Health and Safety Executive) were used to rectify the situation but did not proved very useful (Anderson, 2007). In 2002, the industry’s attitude to the health and safety regime was gauged through a major consultative exercise. The feedback from the industry showed support for the principles of CDM 94 but revealed wide-spread dissatisfaction with their implementation procedures in the regulations which were perceived as difficult to understand and inflexible (Mann, 2007). The consultation identified the need of making the duties of clients more proportionate to their level of influence and argued that the role of Planning Supervisor has been ineffective in ensuring health and safety at the construction sites. It was acknowledged that the health and safety record of the industry was nei ther morally acceptable nor economically viable. The consultation stressed on taking the ownership and providing leadership along with setting ambitious targets from improvement. HSE promised to play its role by re-examining the legislation and its approach towards enforcing regulation to make sure that they reflected the objectives (Murphy, 2007). The following conclusions were drawn from the industry’s response on these issues: Earlier initiatives had not achieved the desired change in the industry’s approach; The CDM principles were generally supported, but the paperwork burden needed to be reduced as a lot of compliance effort was being wasted; and There was a desire for a set of clear, simple, unambiguous and practical legislation (and supporting guidance) for the industry, which should remain focused on the underlying objective of saving life, avoiding injuries and maintaining health (Bennett and Gilbertson, 2007). In the light of these findings, proposals were developed to improve the CDM 94 regulations over a period of 3 years by HSE and an industry-working group established under the Health and Safety Commission’s (HSC) Construction Industry Advisory Committee (CONIAC). Widespread consultations were made and over 300 responses were taken into consideration to the formal discussion document issues in 2002 along with the HSE’s experience with the existing Regulations. 400 responses were also considered during the public consultation that occurred over 4 months during summer 2005 (Murphy, 2007). Following public consultation, the revised proposals were finally approved by CONIAC and by the HSC. These bodies represent all stakeholders including employer, employee and other interests (Anderson, 2007). Relevant Government Departments for example Prime Minister’s Panel on Regulatory Accountability were also consulted throughout and their agreement to the proposals was obtained by early 2005. New CDM regulations were therefore drafted together with the supporting Approved Code of Practice (ACoP), developed in line with Better Regulation principles. These aim to reduce construction accidents and ill health by: Being flexible and accommodating the wide range of contractual arrangements to be found in the construction industry; Emphasising the need to plan and manage work rather than the bureaucracy associated with it; Emphasising the communication and co-ordination advantages of duty holders working in integrated teams; and Simplifying the way duty holders assess competence (Murphy, 2007). The new CDM regulations, known as CDM 2007 were enforced on April 6, 2007. The following section discusses they changes they brought to the CDM 94. It will be followed by the evaluation of their costs and benefits while the last section will conclude the paper. 2.  CDM 2007 In April 2007, the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 (also known as the CDM Regulations 2007) replaced CDM Regulation 1994. The new regulations were applied to all construction and property contracts/projects held after 6th April 2007 and started impacting the major health and safety issues and rules in construction (Manion, 2007). Some of the major insinuations for companies in property and construction business include: For ongoing projects few transitional provisions will be introduced. All the construction clients will be required to do such arrangements which insure health and safety. For all projects starting after 6th April 2007 clients’ agent will not be allowed. Clients will make a declaration the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) of how long contractors will be given to plan and prepare for construction work; â€Å"CDM co-ordinators will replace planning supervisors The Client will be known as the principal contractor or CDM co-ordinator for time in which appointments have not been made of another person. Clients and duty holders will have more responsibilities (Manion, 2007). Here we discuss the key constituents of the CDM 2007 regulations and the changes these have brought to the Health and Safety and the role and responsibilities it assigns to different stakeholders. 2.1  Notifiable or non-Notifiable projects The differentiation between â€Å"notifiable and non- notifiable construction projects still exist in CDM Regulations 2007. For all Notifiable projects HSE should receive a notice of the project. In new regulation there is slight change in criteria for notification of a project.According to the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 a modifiable project is one which is involve more than 30 days and 500 person days of construction work. The current change is applicable on projects that will involve this amount of work however more marginal/smaller construction projects are subject to the full range of duties (Bennett and Gilbertson, 2007). Another important point is that if a construction project has already been notified to HSE under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994, there is no need to give another notice under 2007 Regulations. The 2007 CDM Regulations also list the duties that apply to all projects, and additional duties that only apply to Notifiable projects. 2.2  Duty holders In the new CDM 2007 Regulations the duty holders will remain the same. The stakeholders will be: Contractors or sub-contractors for construction projects. Clients, this includes commercial purchasers of constriction, people involved in engineering works and other construction services. Designers, the people who prepare and modify the construction designs. Principal Contractors, normally the main contractors of construction project. CDM co-ordinators, previously known as planning supervisors (formerly planning supervisors) (Manion, 2007). In some construction and building projects, it is possible that one duty holder performs more than one role e.g. design and build contractor can be the principal contractor, or a designer, or a CDM co-ordinator, or a commercial purchases. 2.3  General Duties Each stakeholder in a construction project require to follow a specific duty however the core duty of every party is to co-operate and co-ordinate with each other. Generally in relation to health and safety issues, every person involved in a particular project will co-operate with other duty holders involved in construction work on same or adjacent sites. In 2007 CDM Regulations the requirements of co-operating with duty holders working on adjoining sites are new and some time can be difficult to achieve. However the results expected are very good, therefore these should be follow (Anderson, 2007). According to CDM 2007 each duty holder involved in a construction project is required to co-ordinate their activates from a health and safety perspective. At all duty sites, duty holders will be required to take into consideration the general principal of prevention. These principles include evaluating and battling risks at source, avoiding risks, adapting technical progress and giving collective protective measures priority over individual measures (Manion, 2007). The general duties of each duty holder at construction site are: 2.3.1  The Clients Duties New CDM Regulation 2007 has increased the emphasis on the client to ensure health and safety compliance. In many construction projects clients will use experience professional to help them perform their duties. Under the CDM Regulations 1994, clients were allowed to hand over their duties to an agent, however they will not be able to use the services any such agents for all new projects after 6th April 2007. However if there is a construction site where a client is using agent to perform these services, under the transitional provisions/period, agents will still be allowed to continue in that role for existing projects until 5 April 2012 if the agent agrees to assume the duties of a client under the CDM Regulations 2007.However it is important that clients check all arrangements with their agents (Anderson, 2007). Many developers have many subsidiary companies or do joint ventures with their partners or funders. In such cases there can be more than one duty holder fitting the description of client. According to new CDM 2007 Regulations one client should be nominated to fulfil the client duties and the nominee must meet the new requirements. These duties include: In-place the project management arrangements for health and safety. Check that for workers enough welfare facilities are in-place. Ensure that adequate time is given to the principal contractor to plan and prepare for work. Provide all the information related to health and safety in its possession. Ensure that the health and safety files and any information that should be kept under the asbestos regulation are revised regularly. To ensure that before the work starts the CDM Regulations complies with principal contractor construction phase plan. This replaces the health and safety plan (Topping, 2007). According to new CDM 2007 regulations, whenever a building is sold client must provide health and safety file to the purchaser and ensure that purchases knows the nature of the purpose of the file. The health and safety files can relate to more than one project, site or structure, and is subject to the condition that the information relevant to each part project, site or structure can be easily identified (Manion, 2007). 2.3.2  The Client Appointments As soon as client knows sufficient about project to select a suitable person, and a feasible initial design or other preparation work has been commenced, the key responsibility of Client now is to appoint a CDM co-ordinator. This appointment should be in-writing and until the time these appointments are made the client is believed to fulfil this role. At many construction sites the planning supervisors are appointed much earlier than CDM co-ordinators. Clients also have responsibility to take reasonable steps to ensure that parties they appoint are competent enough to comply with the relevant duties (HOL, 2007). There are detailed guidance in ACOP for assessing competence. No party it ought to accept an appointment unless it is competent to handle it. In existing construction projects the planning supervisor will automatically become the CDM co-ordinator and the principal contractor remain in place unless different appointments are made. To comply with Construction (Design and Manage ment) Regulations 2007 clients got time till 5th April 2008 to check the capability of CDM co-ordinator and principal contractor and CDM co-ordinators and principal contractors also got the same time to ensure and improve their own competence in this field (Topping, 2007). 2.3.3  The CDM co-ordinator The CDM 2007 places the CDM Co-ordinator at the heart of the project to help to ensure co-operation and co-ordination and that all duty holders share the information required by the CDM Regulations. It is also responsible to advice and assist the client to discharge the clients duties (e.g. advice on assessing competence and on the project management arrangements to be put in place). The CDM co-ordinator is responsible for preparing (if not done), reviewing and updating the health and safety file and submitting notices of the project to the HSE. It will be interesting to watch the interactions between the project manager and the CDM co-ordinator in terms of how each role is carried out in practice as the role of CDM co-ordinator is introduced only recently in the CDM 2007 regulations (Webb, 2008). 2.3.4  Designers The CDM 2007 does not radically change the scope of duties of the designers but expresses them in clearer terms.The role of designers is emphasised by HSE because they are involved in the project from early to final stages and their initial decision affect the health and safety during the construction phase and for end use of the structure. The main duty assigned to designer is to ensure avoidance of foreseeable risks to health and safety of any person carrying out construction work or using the structure/building post completion. If designers appointed on a British project are foreign residents, the person commissioning the design is responsible for ensuring compliance with designers duties. Careful consideration should be given as to how to manage this risk when appointing a foreign designer or off-shoring design work (Dunne, 2007). 2.3. 5 Principal contractors and contractors As far as the contractors are concerned, the feedback obtained at the consultation sessions suggested that the principal contractor and contractor provisions worked well under the CDM regulations 1994, therefore HSE did not seek to radically depart from them.The regulations make principal contractor responsible for the health and safety during the construction phase of the project.This requires the principal contractor to co-operate and co-ordinate with others, provide welfare facilities, direct its contractors and to check that suitable site inductions, information and training is given to workers. The principal contractor is also obliged to inform its contractors of the minimum time which will be given for planning and preparation for construction work. The contractors duties largely complement those of the principal contractor so that health and safety requirements are observed throughout the contractual chain. The provisions requiring worker engagement in relation to health and s afety matters are also increased in scope (Coulter, 2007). The changes in the roles and responsibilities of all concerned have been discussed above, however the main focus in the CDM 2007 is to make those with the greatest control and influence over a project, namely the project team and the client, responsible for health and safety. The regulations also introduce a new role of co-ordinator in place of the planning supervisor who will be appointed by the client. The co-ordinator will be required to identify and extract all information required to secure the health and safety of anyone engaged in construction work. The other big change is that ultimate responsibility and consequently, liability for health and safety rests with the client for all construction projects. While the client can delegate the duties under the regulations, for example to the co-ordinator, it nonetheless retains liability for complying with the regulations (Anderson, 2008). 3. Discussion The costs and benefits of enforcing new regulations need to be seen in the context of their social and economic effect on the society. In a Regulatory Impact Assessment done by HAS, the costs and benefits of CDM 2007 were discussed by examining the previous 10 years of accident data. The accident records of the industry are the basic unit used to benchmark the cost and benefits (Topping, 2007). Table 1: Number of fatal injuries to workers and members of the public 1996/97 to 2004/05 (Topping, 2007) Table 2: Number of major injuries to workers and non-fatal injuries to members of the  public 1996/97 to 2004/05 (Topping, 2007) The construction industry in UK is highly fragmented, has no entry threshold, itinerant and casualised. As mentioned before, the industry employs 7% of the working population and accounts for 8% of UK GDP, but accounts for 25% of fatal injuries and 16% of the major accidents. Construction work is inherently hazardous and the risks associated with these hazards are difficult to manage due to the constantly changing nature of the working environment. Tables 1 and 2 provide the number of fatal and non-fatal but major injuries in the industry from 1996 to 2005. The data is broken up by employees, self-employed and members of public affected by the incidents. The total present value cost of injuries and ill-health, including minor and non-injury accidents in the construction sector is estimated at  £13.8 billion to  £17.7 billion over the 10 year appraisal period (Topping, 2007). This means that any reduction in the number of incidents has direct impact on not only human but also on e conomic cost. Strict economic cost benefit analysis would however consider the savings gained through implementing CDM 2007 (by reducing the accidents) minus the costs incurred on enforcing/implementing CDM 2007 regulations. Here we therefore look into the costs associated with implementing CDM 2007 and the overall savings due to reduction in accidents (Webb, 2008). The compliance with changed duties essentially requires two sets of costs to be incurred. Firstly, there will be a cost associated with familiarisation with the changed duties. Secondly, there will be costs associated with the carrying out of the changed duties (Thame, 2007). There are four main groups that will be required to familiarise themselves with the proposed Regulations: contractors, designers, co-ordinators and clients. However the whole exercise is intended to reduce the chances for accidents. The data gathered from various pilot projects where CDM 2007 was implemented demonstrated the pilot projects were: More predictable in terms of cost and time; More productive than the industry average; Safer; Had less impact on the environment; and Achieved higher customer satisfaction (Dunne, 2007). If the whole construction industry (including non-notifiable projects) achieves the same results as the pilot projects then project costs could potentially fall by 6%. Improved client leadership, respect for people, measurement and monitoring of performance and greater supply chain integration are all key themes of the revised CDM 2007 package, and it is therefore likely that some of the productivity gains shown on the demonstration projects would be expected to accrue from the proposed changes in the Regulations. There is not an exact match between the changes in the Regulations and those trialled at the demonstration projects, and therefore it is not appropriate to assume that the full 6% productivity gains would flow from the changes. If it is assumed that implementation of the proposed Regulations leads to a 3% reduction in project costs for projects where there is currently insufficient attention by clients, designers and contractors to planning, managing and monitoring then th e present value cost saving from reduced project costs for all projects over the 10 year appraisal period is between  £1.0 billion and  £2.9 billion over the 10 year appraisal period. It is therefore quite clear that even by the measure of strict economic parameters, the benefits of CDM 2007 far out weigh its costs (Topping, 2007). Therefore the CDM 2007 regulations have been well received by most stakeholders. The industry professional bodies, employees unions, employers, concerned government departments and general public (Brindley, 2007). Industry experts see it as a major change in health and safety regulations since 1994, as John Malins, associate at law firm Davies Arnold Cooper puts it: †¦ (They are) the most radical change to construction health and safety legislation since 1994, the year when the existing CDM regulations came into effect, he further adds: Contractors, employers and designers would be wise to review their obligations now, warns Malins. Any projects straddling the April 2007 effective date will be subject to the new regulations, which apply to all construction projects lasting more than 30 days or involving more than 500 person days of construction work. Another expert in construction law, Ken Salmon of Mace Jones also suggests that new regulations have radically changed the way Health and Safety Executive decides who is responsible for the safe procurement and management of building projects and for accidents. The new regulations thus aim to reduce the number of accidents on building sites from around 4,700 currently per year. The biggest impact of the Construction Design and Management Regulations 2007 is on companies or individuals (the clients) who commission new buildings, even if they have no direct role in the work. Before CDM 2007, if an accident happened, such as a crane toppling over on a building site, it was considered contractors, designers or managers responsibility, however with the new regulations, those who pay for the building works will also be in the frame (Anderson, 2008). Many companies may mistakenly believe there is not much new in these revised regulations but they would be wrong. Everything is different the definition of construction, for instance, will change to include demolition and dismantling†¦. and most importantly, a client will not be able to hide behind its agent if something goes wrong. If he knows or should have known of deficiencies in the procurement, design, management or construction process, he will have a duty to do something about it and be at risk if he fails. Failing to comply or breaches of Health Safety Welfare law is punishable following a conviction in the Crown Court with unlimited fine and up to two years imprisonment (Brindley, 2007). Deansgate Law firm Pannone’s partner in the construction team, Sean McCay highlighted the costs of complying with CDM 2007, however he also believes that new regulations make it much more dangerous for the project team to start work without ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations and it therefore is a welcome change from the situation in the past: Such enhanced regulation, and presumably scrutiny, is highly likely to come at a price leading to increased project costs as a consequence of, for example, the necessary legal and other professional support required to ensure the correct application and implementation of the Regulations. Under the new regulations the end-user client has many more responsibilities which cannot be delegated, and the practice of starting work prior to full planning, resourcing and documentation could become legally as well as physically dangerous for all concerned. (Dunne, 2007) However, despite its intended benefits, there has been some criticism on CDM 2007 as well as the whole approach of the government and society towards the health and safety at construction sites. It is argued that despite providing very comprehensive health and safety systems and referring to good codes of practice, CDM regulations have â€Å"sucked† the feeling of responsibility away from individuals. The responsibility for ensuring health and safety should not be something imposed by the government, rather it should be something that all members of the society support and share as they all want to be able to about all aspects of their lives safely and productively. It therefore should even be important when no body is around to monitor. The Health and Safety Executive therefore should work more on creating awareness among the stakeholders and in general public and try to change the culture rather than producing plethora of documents on the issue. This point of view therefore emphasises on the change in culture where health and safety is not only seen as complying a code of conduct but is actually taken as a personal responsibility and of great human benefit (Coulter, 2007). Another criticism is that the new regulations with enhanced responsibilities on client may take the focus away from the contractors. According to this argument the safety in construction begins and ends on site, and it is entirely the responsibility of the contractors’ management, therefore the designers should not be restrained by petty regulations.The kind of issues involved in safety on site such as falls from heights, adequate means of access, safe working platforms, tidiness, traffic and machine management, falling objects and so on, need not to be compromised by another impenetrable layer of bureaucracy and mountain of paper. The site safety adviser should spend 95% of his or her time on site, not form filling (Brindley, 2007; Coulter, 2007). There are also some question marks on the actual implementation of regulations. The effective enforcement of the legislation on construction health and safety issues is as important as the law itself. It is perfectly obvious that it is of little worth having laws that no one knows about and that no one enforces. It might be a little less obvious that if the law is too complex, difficult to understand or even incomprehensible in layman’s terms then it might be, in effect, ignored. In occupational health and safety terms the one and only objective of any health and safety legislation is the prevention of accidents and cases of ill health within the work environment, and to that end there has to be good law backed up with effective, sensible and accountable enforcement (Anderson, 2008). The critics therefore suggest that despite changes in the law itself and to the process of its implementation, no changes have been made in the way it will be enforced and therefore some attention must also be given on ensuring that it is enforced across the board literally and in spirit. 4.  Conclusion The paper reviewed the changes to the CDM regulations with specific focus on changes to the Health and Safety regulations. It can be learnt from the above discussion that the changes in the policy include: simplified trigger for formal appointments and preparation of plans; clarification of designer duties; Remittances for Developing Countries | Research Proposal Remittances for Developing Countries | Research Proposal Background Remittance is a major source of external funding for developing nations. It has been an important source of migrant workers in countries suffering from labour shortage, and it also helps these countries in building up their foreign exchange reserve that help them to meet the balance of payments and help stabilize the value of the local currency against the US dollar. It is almost inflow from developed to developing countries have received great attention among academician and policymakers, because that transfers in form of remittances undertaken by migrant workers to their countries of origin increased substantially in the last decades. The data had reported by World Bank in 2012, remittances flows to developing countries have more than quadrupled since 2000. Global remittances, including those to high-income countries, are estimated to have reached $529 billion in 2012, compared to $132 billion in 2000. Developing countries is the largest share of remittances receiving. In year 2012 , developing countries to receive it over 400 billion US dollar, an increase of 5.3% over the previous year and are expected to increase at an annual average rate of 8.8 percent in the next three years. They are also forecast to reach $468 billion in 2014 and $515 billion in 2015 of all flow to developing countries. Remittances generally reduce the level and severity of poverty, typically leading to: higher human capital accumulation; greater health and education expenditures; better access to information and communication technologies; improved access to formal financial sector services; enhanced  small business  investment; more entrepreneurship; better preparedness for adverse shocks such as droughts, flooding, earthquakes and cyclones; and essentially reduced child labor. International labor organization had estimated that remittances sent home by migrants to developing countries are equivalent to more than three times the size of official development assistance and can have profound implications for development and human welfare. Remittances can contribute to lowering poverty and building human and financial capital for the poor. However the enormous amount of matter, amount of money that migrant workers sent home is only 13% of the income of such workers receive. This means that the in come of the remaining 87% of migrant workers to remain in the host country. It is approximately 1 trillion, so that migrant workers have greatly helped boost the economy of the destination country. Asian countries is the most important source of migrant workers, because most of countries are in the rank of top remittance recipients countries in the world (by the top recipients of officially recorded remittances in 2012) show that: India has become the largest recipient of global remittances, received $70 billion, and then China $66 billion, the Philippines $24 billion, Pakistan $14 billion, Bangladesh $14 billion, Vietnam $10 billion, and Lebanon $7 billion. However, as a share of GDP, remittances were larger in smaller and lower income countries; top recipients relative to GDP in Asian countries were Tajikistan (47%), Kyrgyz Republic (29%) and Nepal (22%). Research problem During the last three decades, remittances have become an important source of economic growth in many developing countries, especially in Asian countries. However, there are lots of literatures on how remittances impact to economic growth of receiving countries, but the result of them studies are conflicting. For instance, some academicians believe that workers’ remittances have positive effect on economic growth of recipient countries (de Haas. 2005; Pradhan, et al. 2008; Fayissa Nsiah. 2010; 2011; Khan, et al. 2012). Adding more scholars to explain that why remittances have positive effect on economic growth. There are lots of studies to explain that remittances help households move out ofpoverty (Adams,2003), lower mortalityrates (Kanaiaupuni,1998)and increase educationaland housing spending (Adams, 2005). Moreover, empirical studies show that remittances can stimulate economic activity and motivate entrepreneurial communities (Durand et al, 1996 and Woodruff and Zenteno, 2007). According to Buch et al (2002), remittances can influence economic growth directly orindirectly. However, the degree of the latter channel strongly depends on supporting governmental policies and a supporting economic environment for investment activities. There are some recent empirical studies that have analyzed the relation between workers’ remittances and growth. Giuliano and Ruiz-Arranz (2005) find a positive effect of remittances on growth, specifically for countries with lowerfinancial development. Ziesemer (2007) proposes a savings channel that relates remittances with growth. He finds that remittances have a positive impact on growth, due to the ability to increase saving rates in countries with a per capita income of less than US $1200. On the other hand, other scholars highlight that workers’ remittances have also negative impact on economic growth of origin countries (Jongwanich, 2007; Karagoz, 2009; Barajas, et al. 2009; Ahmed, 2010; Edwards, 2010; Rao Hassan, 2011). For these scholars, there is no causal relationship between remittances and economic growth of developing economies. The reason why those workers’ remittances have no a positive effect on economic growth, these finding may lie in the difficulty of disentangling the complicated links between remittances and economic growth. According to a study covers up to 113 countries over the period 1970-1998. This empirical had studied by Chami et al (2005) found that international remittances actually have a negative and significant effect on economic growth. Because of remittances do not serve as capital for economic development, but rather as a type of compensation for countries with poor economic outcome. However, in a similar study covering up to 101 countries for the period 1970-2003 had studied by Spatafara (2005). The author found that cautions that identifying the impact of remittances on these and other outcomes may be complicated by the problem of reverse causation, that is, remittances may both influence and be influenced themselves by economic growth, investment and education. In the literature it is sometimes argued that international remittances may harm economic growth by leading to real currency appreciation and a loss of competitiveness in tradable goods. This empirical had studied b Lopez et al (2007), the result show that’s large scale remittances do lead to significant real exchange rate appreciation, which means that a 1% increase in the remittances to GDP ratio would lead to a real effective exchange rate appreciation of between 18 and 24 percent. As discussed above, previous studies have propounded different results based upon different theoretical and empirical setups. However, in the same empirical study there is also different in the result, even though using the same theories. Like the empirical evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka had studied by Siddque et al (2010), they found that growth in remittances does lead to economic growth in Bangladesh; In India, there seems to be no causal relationship between growth in remittances and economic growth; but in Sri Lanka the result show that economic growth influences growth in remittances and likewise. So, it is difficult for one to conclude on the growth effects of remittances, especially in a region like Asian countries. This paper focuses on the impact of remittances on economic growth in Asian countries. There is a need to examine the growth effect of remittances and answer the research question that follows: â€Å"How do remittances impact to economic growth of some selected sending countries in Asia?† Hypothesis of the study To investigate that how remittances impact to economic growth of recipient countries in Asia? I determine some of hypothesis to guide in this study follows: Remittances have a positive impact on economic growth while a positive and statistically significant coefficient of remittances. This means that an increase in the amounts of remittances will result in increased to economic growth. Remittances have a negative impact on economic growth while the statistical value has a negative and significant coefficient of remittances. This means that an increase in remittances will result in lower economic growth. A statistically insignificant coefficient of remittances indicates that remittances do not have significant direct growth effect. Otherwise, each the positive or negative impact of remittances on economic growth will be depressed. Significant of the research According to the previous studies of remittances, there are many scholars have been studied on the relationship between remittances and economic growth in developing countries in general, especially in Asian countries, has not been enough studied. Because most of researchers have not been only studied in Asian countries, there are some mix together between Asian countries and the other countries. Fayissa Nsiah (2011) estimated the macroeconomic impact of remittances and some control variables such as openness of the economy, capital/labor ratio, and economic freedom on the economic growth of African, Asian, and Latin American-Caribbean countries. Although Abdullaev (2011) investigated the potential impact of workers’ remittances on long-term economic growth of recipient countries in selected Asian and Former Soviet Union countries. Some of empirical had studied specific only one country in Asia. For instance, Khan et al. (2012) investigated the impact of worker remittance on economic growth of Pakistan while Cooray (2012) examined the impact of migrant remittances on economic growth in south Asia. Very little has been done in the empirical studies analyze the workers’ remittances in Asian countries, but the goal of them studies on relationship between remittances are different. The reason that is, Asia is a region that is characteristic in its. There are different on migration and remittances inflow patterns. Some of the available literatures on remittance in Asian countries is not fully focused on the growth effect of remittances. Jongwanich (2007) analyzed the impact of workers’ remittances on poverty in developing Asia and the pacific countries while Katsushi et al (2011) analyzed of remittances, growth and poverty evidence from Asian countries. Vargas Silva et al (2009) examined the potential of remittances for promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in Asian countries. Limited research has been undertaken from with this in consideration hence, previous literature has developed some theoretical and empirical understanding in this regards by considering the individual link between remittances and growth respectively. This paper intends to combine these two channels in a single framework and try to examine the relationship between remittances and economic growth in Asian countries by employing panel data estimation tools and methodology distinguish it from prior studies that had challenges in handling endogeneity between remittances and economic growth of period from 1990-2011 in 12 countries namely Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand and Yemen Republic. Because these countries have remained an important source of expatriate worker and the number of expatriate has increased significantly over the years. Thus, these 12 countries offer a unique opportunity to examine the linkages between remittances and economic growth. Structure of the research The organization of the paper is as follows. Chapter 2 provides a review of selected literature on the growth effect and remittances; Chapter 3 describes a background for the countries of interested; Chapter 4 specifies of the research methodology, data and model specification while Chapter 5 presents empirical analysis for both the fixed and random effects regression accounting for both the country and time effects and some of diagnostic test results; and the final Chapter conclusion of research finding.